See nessais on Wiktionary
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Breton",
"lang_code": "br",
"word": "nes"
}
],
"lang": "Middle Breton",
"lang_code": "xbm",
"word": "nes"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Cornish",
"lang_code": "kw",
"word": "nes"
}
],
"lang": "Middle Cornish",
"lang_code": "cnx",
"word": "nes"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Welsh",
"lang_code": "cy",
"word": "nes"
}
],
"lang": "Middle Welsh",
"lang_code": "wlm",
"word": "nes"
}
],
"lang": "Old Welsh",
"lang_code": "owl",
"word": "nes"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Brythonic",
"lang_code": "cel-bry-pro",
"word": "*nes"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Irish",
"lang_code": "ga",
"raw_tags": [
"reshaped by analogy or addition of morphemes"
],
"word": "neas"
}
],
"lang": "Irish",
"lang_code": "ga",
"word": "neasa"
},
{
"lang": "Manx",
"lang_code": "gv",
"word": "niessey"
}
],
"lang": "Old Irish",
"lang_code": "sga",
"word": "nessa"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Irish",
"lang_code": "ga",
"raw_tags": [
"reshaped by analogy or addition of morphemes"
],
"word": "neas"
}
],
"lang": "Irish",
"lang_code": "ga",
"word": "neasa"
},
{
"lang": "Manx",
"lang_code": "gv",
"word": "niessey"
}
],
"lang": "Old Irish",
"lang_code": "sga",
"word": "nesa"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Irish",
"lang_code": "ga",
"raw_tags": [
"reshaped by analogy or addition of morphemes"
],
"word": "neas"
}
],
"lang": "Irish",
"lang_code": "ga",
"word": "neasa"
},
{
"lang": "Manx",
"lang_code": "gv",
"word": "niessey"
}
],
"lang": "Old Irish",
"lang_code": "sga",
"word": "neso"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Irish",
"lang_code": "ga",
"raw_tags": [
"reshaped by analogy or addition of morphemes"
],
"word": "neas"
}
],
"lang": "Irish",
"lang_code": "ga",
"word": "neasa"
},
{
"lang": "Manx",
"lang_code": "gv",
"word": "niessey"
}
],
"lang": "Old Irish",
"lang_code": "sga",
"word": "nesso"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Irish",
"lang_code": "ga",
"raw_tags": [
"reshaped by analogy or addition of morphemes"
],
"word": "neas"
}
],
"lang": "Irish",
"lang_code": "ga",
"word": "neasa"
},
{
"lang": "Manx",
"lang_code": "gv",
"word": "niessey"
}
],
"lang": "Old Irish",
"lang_code": "sga",
"word": "nessu"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Irish",
"lang_code": "ga",
"raw_tags": [
"reshaped by analogy or addition of morphemes"
],
"word": "neas"
}
],
"lang": "Irish",
"lang_code": "ga",
"word": "neasa"
},
{
"lang": "Manx",
"lang_code": "gv",
"word": "niessey"
}
],
"lang": "Old Irish",
"lang_code": "sga",
"word": "nesu"
}
],
"etymology_links": [
[
"*nessamos",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Celtic/nessamos"
],
[
"𐌍𐌄𐌔𐌔𐌉𐌌𐌀𐌔",
"𐌍𐌄𐌔𐌔𐌉𐌌𐌀𐌔#Oscan"
],
[
"𐌍𐌄𐌔𐌉𐌌𐌄𐌉",
"𐌍𐌄𐌔𐌉𐌌𐌄𐌉#Umbrian"
],
[
"*nessisVmos",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Italic/nessisVmos"
],
[
"*názdyas",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-Iranian/názdyas"
],
[
"नेदीयस्",
"नेदीयस्#Sanskrit"
],
[
"𐬥𐬀𐬰𐬛𐬌𐬌𐬋",
"𐬥𐬀𐬰𐬛𐬌𐬌𐬋#Avestan"
],
[
"*nésdyos",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/nésdyos"
],
[
"*nesd-",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/nesd-"
],
[
"*swizdeti",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Celtic/swizdeti"
],
[
"*nizdos",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Celtic/nizdos"
],
[
"*kʷezdis",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Celtic/kʷezdis"
],
[
"*pettyā",
"Reconstruction:Gaulish/pettya"
],
[
"peth",
"peth#Welsh"
],
[
"cuid",
"cuid#Irish"
],
[
"*-tm̥mos",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/-tm̥mos"
],
[
"*Hnedʰ-",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/Hnedʰ-"
],
[
"नहुस्",
"नहुस्#Sanskrit"
],
[
"नह्यति",
"नह्यति#Sanskrit"
]
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "osc",
"2": "𐌍𐌄𐌔𐌔𐌉𐌌𐌀𐌔"
},
"expansion": "Oscan 𐌍𐌄𐌔𐌔𐌉𐌌𐌀𐌔 (nessimas)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "xum",
"2": "𐌍𐌄𐌔𐌉𐌌𐌄𐌉",
"t": "nearest"
},
"expansion": "Umbrian 𐌍𐌄𐌔𐌉𐌌𐌄𐌉 (nesimei, “nearest”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "itc-pro",
"2": "*nessisVmos"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Italic *nessisVmos",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "iir-pro",
"2": "*názdyas",
"t": "nearer"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-Iranian *názdyas (“nearer”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sa",
"2": "नेदीयस्"
},
"expansion": "Sanskrit नेदीयस् (nedīyas)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ae",
"2": "𐬥𐬀𐬰𐬛𐬌𐬌𐬋"
},
"expansion": "Avestan 𐬥𐬀𐬰𐬛𐬌𐬌𐬋 (nazdiiō)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "cel-pro",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*nésdyos",
"t": "nearer"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *nésdyos (“nearer”)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "cel-pro",
"2": "*swizdeti"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Celtic *swizdeti",
"name": "m+"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-pro",
"2": "",
"3": "*-sd-"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *-sd-",
"name": "m+"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "cel-pro",
"2": "",
"3": "*-zd-"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Celtic *-zd-",
"name": "m+"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "cel-gau",
"2": "*pettyā"
},
"expansion": "Gaulish *pettyā",
"name": "m+"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "cy",
"2": "peth"
},
"expansion": "Welsh peth",
"name": "m+"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ga",
"2": "cuid"
},
"expansion": "Irish cuid",
"name": "m+"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "cel-gau",
"2": "",
"3": "-đđ-"
},
"expansion": "Gaulish -đđ-",
"name": "m+"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "cel-pro",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "",
"4": "*Hnedʰ-so-"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *Hnedʰ-so-",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sa",
"2": "नहुस्",
"t": "neighbor",
"tr": "náhus"
},
"expansion": "Sanskrit नहुस् (náhus, “neighbor”)",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Disputed, with two major schools of thought. Either way, the superlative *nessamos is cognate with Oscan 𐌍𐌄𐌔𐌔𐌉𐌌𐌀𐌔 (nessimas) and Umbrian 𐌍𐌄𐌔𐌉𐌌𐌄𐌉 (nesimei, “nearest”) (which can mechanically be traced to Proto-Italic *nessisVmos).\n* Usually connected with Proto-Indo-Iranian *názdyas (“nearer”) (Sanskrit नेदीयस् (nedīyas), Avestan 𐬥𐬀𐬰𐬛𐬌𐬌𐬋 (nazdiiō)), from Proto-Indo-European *nésdyos (“nearer”), from the root *nesd- (“near”).\n** However, Proto-Celtic *swizdeti and *nizdos show that Proto-Indo-European *-sd- becomes Proto-Celtic *-zd-, which in turn becomes /θ/ in Brythonic and /d/ in Goidelic (compare also *kʷezdis becoming Gaulish *pettyā, Welsh peth and Irish cuid). It does not become Gaulish -đđ- and Insular Celtic *-ss-. The Osco-Umbrian cognates are also inconsistent with *-sd-.\n** This problem has a very simple solution; one only has to posit a metathesis in Italic and Celtic from *-sd- to *-ds- > *-ts-, which yields all Italic and Celtic forms straightforwardly.\n** Other solutions to the -ss- problem include proposing an early loss of -i- of the superlative *nezdisamos > *nezdsamos > *nessamos, or to propose that the superlative *nessamos was formed from simple *-tm̥mos in the first place instead of the usual *-isamos. Both of these routes would then require secondary transfer of the consonantism *-ss- from the superlative *nessamos to comparative *nezd(a)is > *ness(a)is.\n* Alternatively from Proto-Indo-European *Hnedʰ-so- or *Hnedʰ-to-, from *Hnedʰ- (“to bind”); compare Sanskrit नहुस् (náhus, “neighbor”) and नह्यति (náhyati, “to bind”).",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "cel-pro",
"2": "adverb"
},
"expansion": "*nessais",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Celtic",
"lang_code": "cel-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Celtic/nessais",
"pos": "adv",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 1 entry",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Proto-Celtic entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
}
],
"glosses": [
"nearer, closer"
],
"id": "en-nessais-cel-pro-adv-kQD1d56c",
"links": [
[
"near",
"near"
],
[
"close",
"close"
]
],
"related": [
{
"tags": [
"superlative"
],
"word": "nessamos"
}
],
"tags": [
"reconstruction"
]
}
],
"word": "nessais"
}
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Breton",
"lang_code": "br",
"word": "nes"
}
],
"lang": "Middle Breton",
"lang_code": "xbm",
"word": "nes"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Cornish",
"lang_code": "kw",
"word": "nes"
}
],
"lang": "Middle Cornish",
"lang_code": "cnx",
"word": "nes"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Welsh",
"lang_code": "cy",
"word": "nes"
}
],
"lang": "Middle Welsh",
"lang_code": "wlm",
"word": "nes"
}
],
"lang": "Old Welsh",
"lang_code": "owl",
"word": "nes"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Brythonic",
"lang_code": "cel-bry-pro",
"word": "*nes"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Irish",
"lang_code": "ga",
"raw_tags": [
"reshaped by analogy or addition of morphemes"
],
"word": "neas"
}
],
"lang": "Irish",
"lang_code": "ga",
"word": "neasa"
},
{
"lang": "Manx",
"lang_code": "gv",
"word": "niessey"
}
],
"lang": "Old Irish",
"lang_code": "sga",
"word": "nessa"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Irish",
"lang_code": "ga",
"raw_tags": [
"reshaped by analogy or addition of morphemes"
],
"word": "neas"
}
],
"lang": "Irish",
"lang_code": "ga",
"word": "neasa"
},
{
"lang": "Manx",
"lang_code": "gv",
"word": "niessey"
}
],
"lang": "Old Irish",
"lang_code": "sga",
"word": "nesa"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Irish",
"lang_code": "ga",
"raw_tags": [
"reshaped by analogy or addition of morphemes"
],
"word": "neas"
}
],
"lang": "Irish",
"lang_code": "ga",
"word": "neasa"
},
{
"lang": "Manx",
"lang_code": "gv",
"word": "niessey"
}
],
"lang": "Old Irish",
"lang_code": "sga",
"word": "neso"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Irish",
"lang_code": "ga",
"raw_tags": [
"reshaped by analogy or addition of morphemes"
],
"word": "neas"
}
],
"lang": "Irish",
"lang_code": "ga",
"word": "neasa"
},
{
"lang": "Manx",
"lang_code": "gv",
"word": "niessey"
}
],
"lang": "Old Irish",
"lang_code": "sga",
"word": "nesso"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Irish",
"lang_code": "ga",
"raw_tags": [
"reshaped by analogy or addition of morphemes"
],
"word": "neas"
}
],
"lang": "Irish",
"lang_code": "ga",
"word": "neasa"
},
{
"lang": "Manx",
"lang_code": "gv",
"word": "niessey"
}
],
"lang": "Old Irish",
"lang_code": "sga",
"word": "nessu"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Irish",
"lang_code": "ga",
"raw_tags": [
"reshaped by analogy or addition of morphemes"
],
"word": "neas"
}
],
"lang": "Irish",
"lang_code": "ga",
"word": "neasa"
},
{
"lang": "Manx",
"lang_code": "gv",
"word": "niessey"
}
],
"lang": "Old Irish",
"lang_code": "sga",
"word": "nesu"
}
],
"etymology_links": [
[
"*nessamos",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Celtic/nessamos"
],
[
"𐌍𐌄𐌔𐌔𐌉𐌌𐌀𐌔",
"𐌍𐌄𐌔𐌔𐌉𐌌𐌀𐌔#Oscan"
],
[
"𐌍𐌄𐌔𐌉𐌌𐌄𐌉",
"𐌍𐌄𐌔𐌉𐌌𐌄𐌉#Umbrian"
],
[
"*nessisVmos",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Italic/nessisVmos"
],
[
"*názdyas",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-Iranian/názdyas"
],
[
"नेदीयस्",
"नेदीयस्#Sanskrit"
],
[
"𐬥𐬀𐬰𐬛𐬌𐬌𐬋",
"𐬥𐬀𐬰𐬛𐬌𐬌𐬋#Avestan"
],
[
"*nésdyos",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/nésdyos"
],
[
"*nesd-",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/nesd-"
],
[
"*swizdeti",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Celtic/swizdeti"
],
[
"*nizdos",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Celtic/nizdos"
],
[
"*kʷezdis",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Celtic/kʷezdis"
],
[
"*pettyā",
"Reconstruction:Gaulish/pettya"
],
[
"peth",
"peth#Welsh"
],
[
"cuid",
"cuid#Irish"
],
[
"*-tm̥mos",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/-tm̥mos"
],
[
"*Hnedʰ-",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/Hnedʰ-"
],
[
"नहुस्",
"नहुस्#Sanskrit"
],
[
"नह्यति",
"नह्यति#Sanskrit"
]
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "osc",
"2": "𐌍𐌄𐌔𐌔𐌉𐌌𐌀𐌔"
},
"expansion": "Oscan 𐌍𐌄𐌔𐌔𐌉𐌌𐌀𐌔 (nessimas)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "xum",
"2": "𐌍𐌄𐌔𐌉𐌌𐌄𐌉",
"t": "nearest"
},
"expansion": "Umbrian 𐌍𐌄𐌔𐌉𐌌𐌄𐌉 (nesimei, “nearest”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "itc-pro",
"2": "*nessisVmos"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Italic *nessisVmos",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "iir-pro",
"2": "*názdyas",
"t": "nearer"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-Iranian *názdyas (“nearer”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sa",
"2": "नेदीयस्"
},
"expansion": "Sanskrit नेदीयस् (nedīyas)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ae",
"2": "𐬥𐬀𐬰𐬛𐬌𐬌𐬋"
},
"expansion": "Avestan 𐬥𐬀𐬰𐬛𐬌𐬌𐬋 (nazdiiō)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "cel-pro",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*nésdyos",
"t": "nearer"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *nésdyos (“nearer”)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "cel-pro",
"2": "*swizdeti"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Celtic *swizdeti",
"name": "m+"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-pro",
"2": "",
"3": "*-sd-"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *-sd-",
"name": "m+"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "cel-pro",
"2": "",
"3": "*-zd-"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Celtic *-zd-",
"name": "m+"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "cel-gau",
"2": "*pettyā"
},
"expansion": "Gaulish *pettyā",
"name": "m+"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "cy",
"2": "peth"
},
"expansion": "Welsh peth",
"name": "m+"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ga",
"2": "cuid"
},
"expansion": "Irish cuid",
"name": "m+"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "cel-gau",
"2": "",
"3": "-đđ-"
},
"expansion": "Gaulish -đđ-",
"name": "m+"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "cel-pro",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "",
"4": "*Hnedʰ-so-"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *Hnedʰ-so-",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sa",
"2": "नहुस्",
"t": "neighbor",
"tr": "náhus"
},
"expansion": "Sanskrit नहुस् (náhus, “neighbor”)",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Disputed, with two major schools of thought. Either way, the superlative *nessamos is cognate with Oscan 𐌍𐌄𐌔𐌔𐌉𐌌𐌀𐌔 (nessimas) and Umbrian 𐌍𐌄𐌔𐌉𐌌𐌄𐌉 (nesimei, “nearest”) (which can mechanically be traced to Proto-Italic *nessisVmos).\n* Usually connected with Proto-Indo-Iranian *názdyas (“nearer”) (Sanskrit नेदीयस् (nedīyas), Avestan 𐬥𐬀𐬰𐬛𐬌𐬌𐬋 (nazdiiō)), from Proto-Indo-European *nésdyos (“nearer”), from the root *nesd- (“near”).\n** However, Proto-Celtic *swizdeti and *nizdos show that Proto-Indo-European *-sd- becomes Proto-Celtic *-zd-, which in turn becomes /θ/ in Brythonic and /d/ in Goidelic (compare also *kʷezdis becoming Gaulish *pettyā, Welsh peth and Irish cuid). It does not become Gaulish -đđ- and Insular Celtic *-ss-. The Osco-Umbrian cognates are also inconsistent with *-sd-.\n** This problem has a very simple solution; one only has to posit a metathesis in Italic and Celtic from *-sd- to *-ds- > *-ts-, which yields all Italic and Celtic forms straightforwardly.\n** Other solutions to the -ss- problem include proposing an early loss of -i- of the superlative *nezdisamos > *nezdsamos > *nessamos, or to propose that the superlative *nessamos was formed from simple *-tm̥mos in the first place instead of the usual *-isamos. Both of these routes would then require secondary transfer of the consonantism *-ss- from the superlative *nessamos to comparative *nezd(a)is > *ness(a)is.\n* Alternatively from Proto-Indo-European *Hnedʰ-so- or *Hnedʰ-to-, from *Hnedʰ- (“to bind”); compare Sanskrit नहुस् (náhus, “neighbor”) and नह्यति (náhyati, “to bind”).",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "cel-pro",
"2": "adverb"
},
"expansion": "*nessais",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Celtic",
"lang_code": "cel-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Celtic/nessais",
"pos": "adv",
"related": [
{
"tags": [
"superlative"
],
"word": "nessamos"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Pages with 1 entry",
"Pages with entries",
"Proto-Celtic adverbs",
"Proto-Celtic entries with incorrect language header",
"Proto-Celtic lemmas"
],
"glosses": [
"nearer, closer"
],
"links": [
[
"near",
"near"
],
[
"close",
"close"
]
],
"tags": [
"reconstruction"
]
}
],
"word": "nessais"
}
Download raw JSONL data for nessais meaning in All languages combined (7.7kB)
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable All languages combined dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2026-09-25 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2026-09-02 using wiktextract (1a05e46 and e3d6d4e). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.